Operators in Python

Python broadly categories the operators in the following groups:

Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Bitwise operators

Arithmetic operators

Syntax

  print(a + b)  # Sum of a + b		Output: 8
  print(a - b)  # Subtract a - b	Output: 2
  print( a * b) # Multiple a * b	Output: 15
  print(a/b)    # Divide a / b		Output: 1.6666666666666667
  print(a % b)  # Modulus a % b	        Output: 2
  print(a ** b) # Exponentiation a ** b	Output: 125
  print(a // b) # Floor Division a // b	Output: 1

Assignment Operators

Simple assignment

Syntax

x = 5
print(x)    #Output: 5
x = x + 1
print(x)    #Output: 6

Above example x = x + 1 is same as x += 1, which is an Augmented assignment operator

x = 5
x += 1
print(x)    #Output: 6

You can use this Augmented assignment operator for all other operators as well

x = 5
x -= 3      #same as x = x - 3
print(x)    #Output: 2

x = 5
x &= 3	    #same as x = x & 3
print(x)    #Output: 1

x = 5
x &= 3      #same as  x = x & 3
print(x)    #Output: 1

x = 5
x ^= 3      #same as  x = x ^ 3
print(x)    #Output: 6

x=5
x <<= 3     #same as x = x << 3
print(x)    #Output: 40

Comparison Operators

This operator is used to compare two elements and return Boolean value as result

Syntax

x = 10
y = 20

print(x == y) 	 #Equal				#Output: False
print(x != y)	 #Not equal			#Output: True
print(x > y) 	 #Greater than			#Output: False
print(x < y) 	 #Less than			#Output: True
print(x >= y) 	 #Greater than or equal to	#Output: False
print(x <= y) 	 #Less than or equal to		#Output: True

#Not Function
print(not(True))    #False
print(not(False))   #True

Logical Operators

Combine conditional statements
Return Boolean value as result

Syntax

x = 10
y = 20

print(x > 5 and  x < 10)     # Returns True if both statements are true                 Output: False
print(x < 5 or  x < 10)      # Returns True if one of the statements is true            Output: False
print(not(x > 3 and x < 10)) # Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true   Output: True

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two Identity operators

Is
Is not

Syntax

x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z = x
print(x is z) # returns True because z is the same object as x
print(x is y) # returns False because x is not the same object as y, even if they have the same content
print(x == y) # to demonstrate the difference betweeen "is" and "=="
#this comparison returns True because x is equal to y

print(x is not z) # returns False because z is the same object as x
print(x is not y) # returns True because x is not the same object as y, even if they have the same content

print(x != y) # to demonstrate the difference betweeen "is not" and "!="
#this comparison returns False because x is equal to y

Python Membership Operators

The membership operators in Python are used to test whether a value is found within a sequence.

Syntax

#Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object
x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("banana" in x)
# returns True because a sequence with the value "banana" is in the list

#Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object
x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("banana" in x)
# returns True because a sequence with the value "banana" is in the list

Python Bitwise Operators

Operator	Description	Example
& Binary AND	Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands	(a & b) (means 0000 1100)
\| Binary OR	It copies a bit if it exists in either operand.	(a \| b) = 61 (means 0011 1101)
^ Binary XOR	It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.	(a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011 0001)
~ Binary Ones Complement	It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.	(~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift	The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	a << 2 = 240 (means 1111 0000)
>> Binary Right Shift	The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000 1111)

Syntax

a = 60            # 60 = 0011 1100
b = 13            # 13 = 0000 1101
c = 0

c = a & b;        # 12 = 0000 1100
print("Line 1 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a | b;        # 61 = 0011 1101
print("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a ^ b;        # 49 = 0011 0001
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ", c)

c = ~a;           # -61 = 1100 0011
print("Line 4 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a << 2;       # 240 = 1111 0000
print("Line 5 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a >> 2;       # 15 = 0000 1111
print("Line 6 - Value of c is ", c)

Operator Precedence

To evaluate the expressions there is a rule of precedence in Python. It guides the operations in the order that should carry out.

1. Brackets ()

2. Power off **

3. Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Modulus *, /, //, %

4. Addition & Subtraction +, -

5. Comparisons Operators ==, !=, >, >=, <, <=

6. Logical Operators not, and, or

Some sample expression

print((2**2 + 1) * (3 + 7))           #Output: 50
print((2 == 2 ) and ( True or True))  #Output: True
print(5 + (4 * 10) / 2)               #Output: 25.0
print(5 + 4 * 10 // 2)                #Output: 25

If you have any doubts or queries related to this chapter, get them clarified from our Python Team experts on ibmmainframer Community!

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